Top 10 Health Benefits of Ajwa Dates: A Complete Guide

1. What Makes Ajwa Dates Unique Compared to Other Dates?

Ajwa dates hold a special place among various date varieties due to their rich history, unique taste, and exceptional health benefits. Grown mainly in the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia, these dates are often referred to as “The Dates of Paradise” and have been mentioned in several Islamic traditions, which adds to their cultural and spiritual significance.

Ajwa dates are darker in color, with a soft texture and a slightly dry yet sweet taste, setting them apart from other date varieties like Medjool or Deglet Noor. One of the key features that make Ajwa dates unique is their rich nutrient profile, packed with essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. These dates are known for having higher levels of potassium, magnesium, and calcium, which are vital for maintaining overall health.

Additionally, Ajwa dates contain high amounts of dietary fiber, which aids in digestion and helps prevent constipation. Their low glycemic index makes them suitable for people managing their blood sugar levels, unlike some other types of dates that may cause spikes in blood glucose.

Another factor that makes Ajwa dates distinct is their historical and medicinal importance. They have been used in traditional remedies for centuries, especially for improving heart health, boosting energy, and promoting overall vitality.

One of the key antioxidants found in Ajwa dates is flavonoids, which help reduce inflammation and protect the body against chronic diseases. The antioxidant levels in Ajwa dates are notably higher compared to other date varieties, providing significant anti-aging and disease-fighting benefits.

Comparison Table of Nutrients in Ajwa Dates vs. Medjool Dates

The table above highlights that Ajwa dates and Medjool dates have a similar nutrient profile, but Ajwa dates offer slightly more in terms of calcium and magnesium, which contribute to bone health and muscle function.

In addition to health benefits, Ajwa dates are also considered superior for their shelf life. When stored properly in cool, dry conditions, Ajwa dates can retain their freshness and nutrient content for long periods.

2. What Are the Health Benefits of Eating Ajwa Dates?

Ajwa dates are not only delicious but also offer a range of health benefits that make them a powerhouse of nutrition. These benefits stem from their rich composition of vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and dietary fiber.

1. Heart Health: Ajwa dates are well-known for their heart-protective properties. They contain magnesium, potassium, and antioxidants, which help in regulating blood pressure, reducing the risk of heart diseases, and protecting against strokes.
2. Boosts Energy: These dates are an excellent natural source of quick energy. Their carbohydrate content, mainly in the form of glucose and fructose, makes them a perfect snack for an energy boost without causing a sugar crash.
3. Improves Digestion: Ajwa dates are rich in dietary fiber, which helps in maintaining a healthy digestive system. Regular consumption of Ajwa dates can aid in preventing constipation, improving gut health, and promoting regular bowel movements.
4. Rich in Antioxidants: The antioxidant compounds like flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenolic acid found in Ajwa dates help in neutralizing harmful free radicals in the body, reducing inflammation, and protecting against chronic diseases like cancer.
5. Supports Bone Health: Ajwa dates contain essential minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, which are critical for maintaining strong bones and preventing conditions like osteoporosis.
6. Blood Sugar Management: Despite their natural sweetness, Ajwa dates have a low glycemic index, which means they do not cause a significant spike in blood sugar levels. This makes them a suitable snack for individuals with diabetes or those looking to manage their blood sugar.
7. Boosts Immunity: The vitamins and minerals present in Ajwa dates, such as vitamin C, B-complex, and zinc, contribute to a stronger immune system. They help the body fend off infections and enhance overall health.
8. Supports Weight Loss: Despite being calorie-dense, Ajwa dates can aid in weight management when eaten in moderation. Their high fiber content keeps you feeling full for longer, reducing the likelihood of overeating.
9. Improves Brain Function: The antioxidants and vitamins found in Ajwa dates have been linked to improved cognitive function and a reduced risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.
10. Promotes Skin Health: Ajwa dates contain nutrients that nourish the skin from within, including antioxidants that combat free radical damage and reduce signs of aging.

Health Benefits of Ajwa Dates

3. How Do Ajwa Dates Support Heart Health?

Heart health is one of the standout benefits associated with Ajwa dates. These small fruits are rich in essential nutrients that work together to protect the heart, regulate blood pressure, and reduce cholesterol levels.

1. High Potassium Content: One of the primary heart benefits of Ajwa dates is their high potassium content. Potassium helps in regulating heartbeats and ensures proper heart muscle function. It also aids in balancing sodium levels, which can help prevent high blood pressure—a major risk factor for heart disease.
2. Magnesium for Blood Pressure Regulation: Magnesium is another important mineral found in Ajwa dates. It plays a critical role in relaxing blood vessels, which helps in lowering blood pressure. Consuming enough magnesium through foods like Ajwa dates can reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
3. Rich in Antioxidants: The antioxidants present in Ajwa dates, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids, help in neutralizing free radicals that can cause oxidative stress and damage to heart tissues. By reducing inflammation, these antioxidants contribute to a healthier cardiovascular system.
4. Lowering Cholesterol: Ajwa dates can help reduce cholesterol levels in the blood. Regular consumption of dates has been linked to a decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which is often referred to as “bad cholesterol.” Lower LDL levels reduce the risk of plaque buildup in arteries.
5. Natural Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Chronic inflammation is one of the underlying causes of heart disease. Ajwa dates possess natural anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce the risk of atherosclerosis—a condition where arteries become clogged with fatty deposits.
6. Blood Sugar Control: While high blood sugar levels are dangerous for heart health, Ajwa dates have a low glycemic index, making them a heart-friendly option even for people with diabetes. They offer a steady release of energy without spiking blood sugar levels.
7. Prevention of Strokes: Studies have suggested that diets rich in potassium and magnesium, as found in Ajwa dates, are associated with a lower risk of stroke. These minerals help maintain proper heart rhythm and reduce the chance of blood clots forming in the arteries.
8. Fiber for Lowering Cholesterol: The high fiber content in Ajwa dates contributes to lower cholesterol by binding with fats in the digestive system, which prevents cholesterol from being absorbed into the bloodstream.
9. Heart Muscle Strength: Ajwa dates contain trace elements such as iron, which helps in the production of hemoglobin and improves blood oxygenation. Better oxygen circulation can result in stronger heart muscles and improved endurance.
10. Maintaining Healthy Blood Vessels: The combination of potassium, magnesium, and antioxidants helps keep blood vessels flexible and clear, reducing the risk of high blood pressure and heart attacks.

4. Can Ajwa Dates Help Improve Digestion and Gut Health?

Ajwa dates are renowned for their digestive health benefits, offering a natural solution to a range of gut-related issues. Thanks to their high fiber content and nutrient density, these dates are a powerhouse when it comes to promoting gut health and preventing digestive discomfort.

1. Rich in Dietary Fiber: One of the key digestive benefits of Ajwa dates is their high fiber content. Each serving of dates contains soluble and insoluble fibers, which help regulate bowel movements and prevent constipation. Soluble fiber dissolves in water to form a gel-like substance that slows digestion, while insoluble fiber adds bulk to stool and speeds up the passage of food through the digestive tract.
2. Natural Laxative Properties: Ajwa dates act as a natural laxative due to their fiber content, which makes them effective for those suffering from constipation. Consuming dates regularly can keep your digestive system running smoothly and prevent irregular bowel movements.
3. Gut Microbiome Support: Ajwa dates contain prebiotics, which are fibers that feed the beneficial bacteria in the gut. A healthy gut microbiome contributes to better digestion, nutrient absorption, and overall gut health. Supporting these beneficial bacteria can also reduce the risk of inflammation and gut disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
4. Protection Against Inflammatory Gut Diseases: The antioxidants found in Ajwa dates, such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds, have anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds help reduce inflammation in the gut, which is especially beneficial for individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or ulcerative colitis.
5. Digestive Enzymes: Ajwa dates contain natural sugars and enzymes that help facilitate digestion. These enzymes break down food into smaller, more manageable components, which can be absorbed efficiently by the intestines.
6. Prevention of Gastric Ulcers: Some studies suggest that Ajwa dates may offer protection against gastric ulcers. The antioxidants in dates help neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, both of which can contribute to the development of ulcers.
7. Improved Bile Flow: Ajwa dates stimulate the production of bile, which is essential for the digestion of fats. Better bile flow improves fat absorption and helps the body utilize fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K.
8. Relief from Indigestion: The natural sugars in Ajwa dates, such as fructose and glucose, are easily digestible, making them a quick source of energy that doesn’t weigh down the digestive system. This makes them ideal for relieving indigestion and discomfort caused by heavy meals.
9. Soothing Digestive Disorders: Ajwa dates contain tannins, a type of polyphenol that has astringent properties. Tannins help soothe the digestive tract and may reduce irritation caused by digestive disorders such as acid reflux or diarrhea.
10. Hydration and Electrolyte Balance: Ajwa dates are rich in potassium, which helps maintain electrolyte balance in the body. This is particularly important for individuals who suffer from diarrhea or dehydration, as potassium helps regulate fluid levels and prevent the loss of important nutrients through excessive water loss.

5. What Are the Benefits of Ajwa Dates for Bone Strength and Density?

Ajwa dates are an excellent food choice for maintaining bone strength and density, thanks to their impressive profile of bone-building nutrients like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium. These minerals are essential for keeping bones healthy and preventing conditions such as osteoporosis.

1. Rich Source of Calcium: Calcium is one of the most important minerals for bone health, and Ajwa dates are a good natural source. Calcium helps build and maintain strong bones, and regular consumption of Ajwa dates can support your daily calcium intake.
2. Magnesium for Bone Density: Ajwa dates contain significant amounts of magnesium, a mineral that plays a vital role in bone formation. Magnesium works alongside calcium to ensure proper bone mineralization and helps prevent bone-related disorders, including osteoporosis.
3. Phosphorus for Bone Formation: Phosphorus is another key mineral present in Ajwa dates. It works in tandem with calcium to form strong bones and teeth. A diet rich in phosphorus is essential for the development and maintenance of the skeletal system.
4. Improved Bone Flexibility: The potassium in Ajwa dates helps improve bone flexibility and reduces the risk of bone fractures. Potassium also helps neutralize acids that can leach calcium from bones, ensuring better retention of this crucial mineral.
5. Anti-Inflammatory Effects: The anti-inflammatory compounds in Ajwa dates, such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, help protect bones from inflammation, which can weaken bone structure over time. These compounds promote overall bone health and reduce the risk of age-related bone loss.
6. Prevention of Osteoporosis: Ajwa dates are particularly beneficial for postmenopausal women, who are at a higher risk of osteoporosis due to lower estrogen levels. The combination of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in Ajwa dates helps strengthen bones and prevents the loss of bone mass.
7. Enhanced Absorption of Calcium: Ajwa dates are also rich in vitamin K, which plays a critical role in calcium absorption. Vitamin K helps bind calcium to bones, improving bone density and reducing the risk of fractures.
8. Strengthening Teeth: Ajwa dates help promote dental health as well. The calcium and phosphorus present in dates contribute to the strengthening of teeth, helping to prevent tooth decay and other dental problems.
9. Reduction of Bone Inflammation: The antioxidants in Ajwa dates help fight inflammation and oxidative stress in the bones, which can contribute to bone deterioration. Regular consumption of these dates helps maintain a healthy skeletal system and prevents age-related bone conditions.
10. Bone Healing Properties: Ajwa dates may also aid in bone healing. The nutrients present in dates support tissue repair and regeneration, making them a good addition to the diet of individuals recovering from bone injuries or fractures.

6. How Can Ajwa Dates Aid in Boosting Immunity?

Ajwa dates are packed with essential nutrients that support the immune system and protect the body from various illnesses and infections. From antioxidants to essential vitamins, these dates are a natural immune booster.

1. Rich in Antioxidants: Ajwa dates are loaded with antioxidants such as flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenolic acid. These compounds help neutralize free radicals that can damage cells and weaken the immune system. Antioxidants are critical in maintaining a strong and responsive immune system.
2. Vitamin C for Immune Support: While Ajwa dates are not as high in vitamin C as citrus fruits, they still provide a modest amount of this important vitamin. Vitamin C plays a crucial role in boosting immunity by supporting the production of white blood cells, which fight off infections.
3. Zinc for Immune Regulation: Zinc is an essential mineral that is involved in the proper functioning of the immune system. Ajwa dates contain small amounts of zinc, which can help enhance immune response and improve the body’s ability to heal wounds.
4. Strengthening the Respiratory System: The nutrients in Ajwa dates, especially their antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties, help support the respiratory system by reducing inflammation and boosting immunity. This makes them effective in preventing respiratory infections and easing symptoms of colds and coughs.
5. B-Complex Vitamins for Energy: Ajwa dates are a good source of B-complex vitamins, which are essential for energy production and maintaining a healthy immune system. These vitamins support the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body and help immune cells function more effectively.
6. Promoting Gut Health: Since gut health is closely linked to immune function, the fiber and prebiotics in Ajwa dates indirectly support immunity by promoting a healthy gut microbiome. A healthy gut improves the body’s ability to fight off infections and maintain overall health.
7. Protection Against Inflammatory Diseases: The anti-inflammatory properties of Ajwa dates help reduce inflammation in the body, which is a common cause of chronic illnesses. By reducing inflammation, Ajwa dates strengthen the body’s immune response to various infections and diseases.
8. Iron for Immune Function: Ajwa dates contain iron, which plays a vital role in immune health. Iron supports the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to immune cells, allowing them to function more effectively in fighting off infections.
9. Boosting Skin Health: A strong immune system often manifests in healthy skin. The antioxidants and vitamins in Ajwa dates promote skin health by protecting against environmental damage and reducing signs of aging. Healthy skin acts as the body’s first line of defense against harmful pathogens.
10. Reducing Chronic Inflammation: Ajwa dates help regulate immune function by reducing chronic inflammation. By managing inflammation, these dates ensure that the immune system is not overworked, allowing it to focus on fighting off infections and maintaining overall health.

7. Are Ajwa Dates Effective for Managing Blood Sugar Levels?

Managing blood sugar levels is crucial for individuals with diabetes or those at risk of developing the condition. Ajwa dates, despite their natural sweetness, can be a healthy option for managing blood sugar levels due to their low glycemic index and beneficial nutrients.

1. Low Glycemic Index: Ajwa dates have a lower glycemic index compared to other sweet foods, meaning they cause a slower, more gradual rise in blood sugar levels. This makes them a suitable snack for people who need to manage their blood sugar carefully.
2. Rich in Dietary Fiber: The high fiber content in Ajwa dates slows down the absorption of sugar into the bloodstream. Fiber helps stabilize blood sugar levels by preventing rapid spikes and crashes after meals.
3. Natural Sugars: While Ajwa dates contain natural sugars like glucose and fructose, these sugars are absorbed more slowly than refined sugars, making them a better option for individuals with diabetes or those monitoring their sugar intake.
4. Improves Insulin Sensitivity: Some studies suggest that regular consumption of Ajwa dates may improve insulin sensitivity. Improved insulin sensitivity allows the body to use glucose more effectively, which is particularly important for people with insulin resistance.
5. Magnesium for Blood Sugar Control: Magnesium plays a key role in regulating blood sugar levels. Ajwa dates are a good source of magnesium, which helps enhance insulin activity and lowers the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
6. Antioxidants for Reducing Oxidative Stress: Oxidative stress can worsen blood sugar control and lead to complications in individuals with diabetes. The antioxidants in Ajwa dates help reduce oxidative stress, improving overall health and blood sugar management.
7. Improved Lipid Profiles: Consuming Ajwa dates can improve lipid profiles by reducing LDL cholesterol levels and increasing HDL cholesterol. Better lipid profiles are associated with improved blood sugar control and reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases in people with diabetes.
8. Supports Weight Management: Weight management plays a crucial role in blood sugar control. Ajwa dates, when consumed in moderation, can help control appetite due to their fiber content. By preventing overeating, they indirectly help manage blood sugar levels.
9. Potassium for Glucose Regulation: Potassium is important for regulating blood sugar levels, and Ajwa dates are rich in this essential mineral. Potassium helps cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, which can aid in stabilizing blood sugar.
10. Prevents Sugar Cravings: Ajwa dates can satisfy sweet cravings without causing a spike in blood sugar levels. Their natural sweetness, combined with their fiber content, makes them an ideal alternative to processed sweets.

8. What Role Do Ajwa Dates Play in Pregnancy and Women’s Health?

Ajwa dates have long been valued for their potential health benefits during pregnancy and for supporting overall women’s health. Rich in essential vitamins, minerals, and natural sugars, Ajwa dates can promote the well-being of both pregnant women and those seeking to maintain hormonal balance and reproductive health.

1. Easing Labor and Delivery: One of the most recognized benefits of Ajwa dates during pregnancy is their ability to ease labor. Studies suggest that consuming dates in the last few weeks of pregnancy can help shorten labor duration, reduce the need for induction, and promote spontaneous labor by softening the cervix.
2. Boosting Energy Levels: Pregnancy often leads to fatigue due to the body’s increased energy demands. Ajwa dates, with their natural sugars like glucose and fructose, provide a quick energy boost. They are an excellent natural snack for pregnant women who need to maintain their energy levels throughout the day.
3. Rich in Folate: Folate is essential for fetal development, particularly for the formation of the neural tube, which becomes the baby’s brain and spinal cord. Ajwa dates contain folate, which helps reduce the risk of birth defects such as spina bifida.
4. Iron for Preventing Anemia: Pregnant women are at risk of iron deficiency, which can lead to anemia. Ajwa dates are a natural source of iron, which is necessary for producing hemoglobin in red blood cells. Eating Ajwa dates can help prevent anemia and ensure that both the mother and baby get sufficient oxygen.
5. Regulating Blood Pressure: The potassium found in Ajwa dates helps regulate blood pressure, which can be a concern during pregnancy. High blood pressure during pregnancy can lead to complications such as preeclampsia, so consuming potassium-rich foods like dates can help maintain a healthy blood pressure level.
6. Promoting Healthy Weight Gain: Ajwa dates are nutrient-dense and help support healthy weight gain during pregnancy. Their combination of vitamins, minerals, and natural sugars ensures that pregnant women can gain weight without resorting to empty-calorie snacks.
7. Preventing Constipation: Constipation is a common issue during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and the pressure of the growing uterus on the intestines. The high fiber content in Ajwa dates promotes healthy digestion and helps prevent constipation, making it a natural remedy for pregnant women.
8. Supporting Hormonal Balance: Ajwa dates contain phytoestrogens, plant-based compounds that mimic estrogen in the body. These compounds can help regulate hormonal balance in women, promoting reproductive health, alleviating symptoms of menopause, and improving fertility.
9. Strengthening the Uterine Muscles: Regular consumption of Ajwa dates is believed to strengthen the uterine muscles, which can help prepare the body for labor and delivery. Strong uterine muscles can lead to more effective contractions during labor and a smoother delivery process.
10. Providing Essential Nutrients for Postpartum Recovery: After childbirth, women need to replenish their nutrient stores and recover from the physical strain of labor. Ajwa dates are rich in important nutrients like potassium, magnesium, and iron, which help support postpartum recovery and promote overall well-being.

9. How Many Ajwa Dates Should Be Consumed Daily for Optimal Health Benefits?

The number of Ajwa dates one should consume daily depends on individual health goals and nutritional needs. While Ajwa dates are incredibly nutritious, moderation is key to maximizing their benefits without overconsumption.

1. General Recommendation: For most people, consuming 3-5 Ajwa dates per day is sufficient to enjoy their health benefits. This amount provides a balanced intake of fiber, natural sugars, vitamins, and minerals without contributing to excessive calorie consumption.
2. For Digestive Health: Individuals looking to improve digestion or relieve constipation may benefit from eating 4-6 Ajwa dates daily. The fiber content in this amount is enough to promote regular bowel movements and support gut health without causing bloating or discomfort.
3. During Pregnancy: Pregnant women can safely consume 3-4 Ajwa dates daily, especially in the last few weeks of pregnancy, to help with labor preparation. Eating this amount provides a natural source of energy and essential nutrients like folate and iron.
4. For Bone Health: To support bone strength and density, 3-5 dates a day is recommended. This provides enough calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus to benefit bone health without overloading the diet with calories.
5. Managing Blood Sugar Levels: Individuals with diabetes or those looking to manage their blood sugar levels should limit their intake to 2-3 dates per day. Despite their low glycemic index, Ajwa dates still contain natural sugars, so moderation is essential for controlling blood sugar.
6. For Boosting Immunity: If your goal is to boost immunity, 3-5 Ajwa dates daily can provide antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that help strengthen the immune system. This amount delivers a healthy dose of nutrients without overburdening the body with excess calories.
7. For Weight Management: Those who are trying to manage their weight should consume 2-3 Ajwa dates daily. Dates are nutrient-dense and can help control hunger while providing essential nutrients, but eating too many can contribute to weight gain due to their calorie content.
8. For Post-Workout Recovery: Athletes and individuals engaging in strenuous physical activities can benefit from consuming 5-6 Ajwa dates post-workout. The natural sugars in dates provide a quick energy source, and their potassium content helps replenish lost electrolytes.
9. For Heart Health: To promote cardiovascular health, 3-4 Ajwa dates a day are recommended. The fiber, potassium, and antioxidants in this amount can help lower cholesterol levels and improve heart function.
10. As a Daily Snack: Ajwa dates can be enjoyed as a healthy daily snack, with 3-5 dates being an ideal portion size. This provides a satisfying treat that is rich in nutrients without the risk of overindulgence.

10. Can Ajwa Dates Be Used in Traditional Remedies for Healing?

Ajwa dates have been used in traditional remedies for centuries, particularly in Islamic medicine and Middle Eastern cultures. Their healing properties, backed by modern research, make them a valuable component in natural remedies for a range of health conditions.

1. Islamic Medicine and Prophetic Tradition: Ajwa dates hold special significance in Islamic medicine. They are mentioned in the Hadiths (sayings of Prophet Muhammad, PBUH) as a remedy for various ailments. It is said that consuming seven Ajwa dates in the morning protects one from poison and envy for the rest of the day.
2. Remedy for Heart Health: Ajwa dates are traditionally used to promote heart health. Their combination of potassium, magnesium, and antioxidants makes them effective in improving cardiovascular function, lowering blood pressure, and preventing heart diseases.
3. Treating Digestive Disorders: Ajwa dates have long been used to treat digestive issues such as constipation, indigestion, and bloating. Traditional remedies often recommend soaking dates in water overnight and consuming them in the morning to promote healthy digestion.
4. Wound Healing and Skin Care: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Ajwa dates make them beneficial for wound healing. They have been used in traditional remedies to treat skin infections and accelerate the healing of cuts and burns.
5. Strengthening the Immune System: Ajwa dates are often prescribed in traditional medicine to boost the immune system, especially in individuals recovering from illness or surgery. Their rich nutritional profile helps restore strength and vitality.
6. Combating Anemia: Due to their high iron content, Ajwa dates are used in traditional remedies for treating anemia. They help increase hemoglobin levels and improve overall energy levels, making them a common natural remedy for iron deficiency.
7. Anti-Inflammatory Properties: In traditional medicine, Ajwa dates are used to treat inflammation in the body. Their anti-inflammatory compounds can help relieve joint pain, reduce swelling, and alleviate symptoms of inflammatory conditions like arthritis.
8. Regulating Blood Sugar: In certain cultures, Ajwa dates are used as a natural remedy for managing blood sugar levels. While they contain natural sugars, their low glycemic index makes them a safer alternative to processed sweets, and their fiber helps regulate glucose absorption.
9. Enhancing Fertility: Ajwa dates are believed to enhance fertility in both men and women. Traditional remedies often include Ajwa dates for improving reproductive health, as they are thought to increase sperm count and improve hormonal balance in women.
10. Postpartum Recovery: In some cultures, Ajwa dates are given to women after childbirth to support postpartum recovery. Their high nutrient content helps replenish lost nutrients, promote lactation, and restore energy levels in new mothers.